Lithium-ion batteries (or li-ion batteries) are a popular choice for sailors due to their range of benefits. Compared to traditional lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries are lightweight and have a longer lifespan. They also provide consistent electrical current and energy output.
With their high energy density and power density, lithium-ion batteries are capable of powering a variety of devices. This includes everything from navigation equipment to domestic appliances, such as cell phones and laptops. This makes them ideal for modern boating and new boats.1
Lithium-ion batteries are also suitable for use on inland waterways, including rivers and canals. However, these advantages come with specific safety considerations. These must be addressed to ensure a smooth and safe sailing experience.
Lithium-ion batteries offer several benefits
1. Light-weight and compact
They can reduce your boat's weight, improving performance and fuel efficiency.2 This is particularly important for new boats, where every kilogram counts.
2. Longer battery life
Lithium-ion batteries can last for more than ten years with proper maintenance. This longevity helps save on replacement costs.2 It also supports the transition to more sustainable technology.
3. Consistent power
They deliver steady electric current, ensuring reliable operation of electronics.3
4. Fast charging
Lithium-ion batteries have a faster charge cycle compared to alternatives. This is an important feature when sailing,3 as it allows for quick recharges during short stops.
Despite these advantages, improper handling or usage can pose significant risks related to fire hazards.4
Fire hazards and risks
One of the most critical risks with lithium-ion batteries is fire caused by 'thermal runaway'. This is a chain reaction triggered when the battery overheats that can result from:5
- Overcharging. Excessive voltage or prolonged exposure to heat.
- Over-discharging. Followed by rapid charging.
- Internal or external short circuit. Caused by damaged insulation, improper connections, or foreign objects creating unintended electrical pathways.
- Exposure to extreme temperatures. Both high and low.
- Physical damage to the battery via crushing, impact or puncture. Dropping or puncturing the battery can compromise its safety.
- Manufacturing defects. Faults during production, such as improper assembly or material flaws.
- Improper installation. Incompatible or poorly managed systems increase the risk of failure.
A fire can spread rapidly on a boat, where space is confined. This situation threatens passengers, the vessel, and other boats.
Proper handling of lithium-ion batteries
To ensure boat safety, follow these best practices:
- The appropriate battery. Ensure that the battery being selected is appropriate for a marine application and that you understand where the battery is manufactured as this may impact your ability to insure.
- Professional installation. Work with a marine electrician to install batteries correctly. This ensures compatibility with your boat's systems.1
- Battery Management System (BMS). Always use a Battery Management System (BMS) to monitor voltage, temperature, and charge levels. This helps prevent overcharging and overheating.7
- Regular inspections. Check for damage, swelling, or corrosion and replace compromised batteries immediately.6
- Appropriate charging. Use chargers that are specifically supplied or approved by the manufacturer. Most insurers stipulate that batteries should be charged within daylight hours and must not be left unattended whilst charging. Additionally, avoid charging in extreme temperatures.6
- Secure storage. Store batteries in a ventilated, dry area, away from heat sources. Additionally, consider using fireproof enclosures for added safety.6
What to do in the event of a fire
If a device or battery starts making loud popping, hissing, or screaming sounds, emits toxic vapour or smoke, or catches fire, raise the alarm and warn others. Get out, stay out, and call 999 or 112 for help immediately.1
- Evacuate and alert
Ensure everyone on board is safe and prepare to abandon the vessel if necessary. - Cut off power
Disconnect the battery from the electrical system. - Use a suitable extinguisher
Many insurers require an AVD (Aqueous Vermiculite Dispersion) fire extinguisher to be used . Water can exacerbate lithium fires. - Isolate the fire
If it is safe to do so, take steps to contain the fire to prevent it from spreading.
Tell your insurance company
It's important to let your insurer know if you use a lithium-ion battery on your boat. They would typically want to know these details:
- Battery type and specifications. The battery's make, model, age, capacity, and voltage. Lithium Ion Phosphate is often considered the safer option when referring to underwriters.
- Installation details. Confirm it's professionally installed and compliant with marine safety standards.
- Safety measures. Fire risk management and prevention measures. Such as proper storage, ventilation, and the use of a Battery Management System (BMS).
- Usage. Outline how you intend to use the battery, for example powering systems or auxiliary use.
- Upgrades. Highlight any system upgrades made for safe integration with lithium-ion batteries.
Sharing this information helps ensure you have the right cover. It also helps you comply with policy requirements.
Conclusion
Lithium-ion batteries can be a significant game-changer for sailors, offering efficiency and reliability. They can provide a steady electrical current and offer the advantages of positively charged lithium ions. As a result, they are paving the way for advancements in electric cars and other applications.
However, using and storing them safely is critical to mitigating risks such as fire. This ensures a secure sailing experience. Proper handling, routine maintenance, and careful planning during conversion are essential for leveraging the benefits of lithium-ion batteries. These practices also help maintain boat safety.
Sources
1. boatsafetyscheme.org/installed-lithium-ion-batteries
2. ecotreelithium.co.uk/lithium-batteries-uses-and-applications
3. energy.gov/how-lithium-ion-batteries-work
4. britsafe.org/lithium-ion-batteries-a-growing-fire-risk
5. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/MGN-550-Electrical-Installations-Guidance.pdf
6. boatsafetyscheme.org/large-portable-lithium-ion-battery-safety
7. monolithicpower.com/how-lithium-ion-battery-management-systems-enhance-battery-performance